China’s State Council Information Office on Wednesday released a white paper outlining its position on economic and trade relations with the United States, amid escalating tensions and rising protectionism.

The document, titled “China’s Position on Some Issues Concerning China-U.S. Economic and Trade Relations,” aims to clarify China’s stance and counter unilateral and coercive U.S. actions that have disrupted normal trade cooperation.

Since 2018, the U.S. has imposed tariffs on more than $500 billion worth of Chinese goods, with recent rounds citing issues ranging from fentanyl to national security. The white paper criticizes these measures as violations of global trade norms and warns they could harm both countries and the global economy.

China says it has responded with firm countermeasures while remaining committed to resolving disputes through dialogue. The white paper stresses that bilateral trade is mutually beneficial and that stable economic ties serve the interests of both nations and the world.

The document also warns that the U.S. approach risks inflaming inflation, weakening its industrial base, and increasing recession risks. It calls for equal-footed dialogue and cooperation, noting that the international community expects the two largest economies to work together to promote global development.